Managing Hospitality Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Overseeing Hospitality Resources - Essay Example The planned utilization of innovation in promoting administrations has made numerous open doors in the friendliness and the travel industry. Thusly clients are consistently not happy with what they get and want imaginative other options. Since the 1980s, the data correspondence innovation has changed significantly, the administration and standpoint of numerous neighborliness enterprises coming about into PC reservation frameworks, which later changed into worldwide dissemination frameworks in the mid 1980s lastly the at present utilized web. The development of the web has caused a move in numerous tasks changing operational practices and a general change in perspective in the market (Moutinho 2011, pp 108). It is in this respects numerous lodgings are creating PC frameworks to fulfill the need of their clients. The Royal Garden Hotel is a five star lodging that need improvement in innovation since innovation is a main thrust towards development of numerous economies. What's more, inn ovative progression in an inn encourages proficient inward tasks and improvement in administration quality. Body At the point when the Royal Garden Hotel creates innovation and frameworks in their activities numerous administrations are probably going to be improved. To begin, the administration will be capable, to make mechanized visitor narratives. By having the visitor history accessible, characterizing the client blend to think of the administrations striking for every client won't be a difficult factor. From this point of view consumer loyalty gets improved, this prompts maintenance and thusly looking after reliability. Furthermore, the advancement of the E-business system at the Royal Garden Hotel will give exchange driven arrangements (Shin 2003, pp 76). This prompts effectiveness and capability in managerial methodology (property the executives frameworks) and inner tasks. The center capacity behind the improvement of the executives is in the arrangement of visitor folio, a consider significant the arrangement of administrations to the visitor. In as much as this is certainly not an ess ential objective of presentation of innovation in Royal Garden Hotel, it is a backhanded advantage, which gathers to the net yield of the inn. One methods for utilizing innovation to arrive at clients is by sites. This is on the grounds that clients are progressively applying voice acknowledgment instruments and call steering advancements. They get to inns through sites where they address PCs steering their calls to significant divisions. A site proposition for the inn, in this manner, would target different crowds. For example, different organization officials can get to the site and check different administrations offered by the Hotel. This is on the grounds that organization administrators frequently have gatherings in lodgings with accomplices from abroad of interior clients (Leong 2001, pp 201). Sightseers additionally stay a focal section of the focused on crowds who book online through different sites before showing up at their goals. To forestall clients who get to the webpa ge from being besieged with ordinary items the site created by the lodging, must meet all prerequisites just as desires for clients to pick up the upper hand. It is from this viewpoint that Royal Garden lodging the board should utilize the mechanized framework, which can give

How Irish History Affected Its Music :: essays research papers

Norwegian Wood Review Essay Example

Norwegian Wood Review Paper Paper on Norwegian Wood Perusing Haruki Murakami consistently makes me assault the antinomy. I feel that it is simply the normal writing, not conveying an extraordinary worth, at that point after several parts read conclusion is changing the path something contrary to finish pleasure, and all the cavilling retreat away from plain sight. What's more, its not what's going on the pages, everything relies upon the peruser, be that as it may, as usual. Mindful unhurried story or plotless tyagomotina, absence of methods for articulation or a straightforward and clear language, unnatural characters or finely drawn characters. I was astonished, subsequent to perusing the Norwegian Wood was not characterized, the two renditions are equivalent. The historical backdrop of Norwegian Wood is extremely basic. Youngster Watanabe encountering self destruction Kindzuki closest companion. After secondary school, Watanabe enters the college and unintentionally meets a young lady Kinzuki Naoko (some time ago three companions), with whom he set up an abnormal relationship. Somewhat later, there is another lady, Midori, the relationship with her create not less odd way. The story caused nearly chuckle. Unending self destruction for no obvious explanation, and easygoing sex. Before the end I was at that point frightened to peruse, somewhat terrified of the rest of the characters, unexpectedly additionally not control and surrender their lives. The survivors remained, albeit unwarranted sex proceeded as far as possible. Or on the other hand should look somewhat more profound, a little priokryt their blinders and understand that the truth might be that path for some regular day to day existence intolerably troublesome, however sex isn't in every case simply physical or affectionate want and joy, yet a demonstration of sympathy, compassion, understanding. We will compose a custom article test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer What are these saints? Inactive, with no reason, doesn't stick out, practically dim, they don't do anything, just discreetly accept circumstances for what they are, each with agitated life and self-destructive inclinations. To whom they might be of intrigue? Be that as it may, they are the equivalent totally true, adoring, loyal, shrewd, particularly in some little ways, these characters can see an individual with a totally unique mindset, oriental, dislike us and unordinary As. composed? I nearly spit on the language: unlimited redundancies and the omnipresent molecule that some place somebody once something just basic sentences, the absence of clear depictions and speakers. Simultaneously, this makes an extraordinary sentiment of effortlessness and guilelessness of earnestness, melodious state of mind, which is so fit to neighborhood characters. Particularly such a style cognizant journalists position, the language is just to pass on significance without enhancements But then.. Truly its a similar book. A similar book by Haruki Murakami. Works fundamentally the same as one another, the hero has for all intents and purposes the equivalent at all the books. Furthermore, for the subsequent time (the first run through in My most loved sputnike) meets a lady with a bombed music profession entertainer on the piano, and practically indistinguishable way. In spite of the fact that I have such redundancy is regularly charming: how these pictures are so near the creator, and why they are significant You can drop the suspicion and feel the state of mind and tunes of Norwegian Wood, to adore and to trust Watanabe, Naoko, Midori and to Murakami . Or on the other hand peruse and overlook. Murakami can be viewed as an exceptional essayist, writer, or uninteresting, not quite the same as the remainder of the group simply unique attitude and temperament. When you pick. I read practically the entirety of his books, and I can not choose. Norwegian Wood Review Essay Example Norwegian Wood Review Paper Article on Norwegian Wood Peruse agony as straightforward ka tune in to music has been jazz works of art. How regularly jazz artists perform music composed by incredible antecedents, how frequently they read so extraordinary to one another and now and again appear as undefined from one another. Jazz music isn't song and congruity, or more all chusstva, music, swing and drive, jazz music breath. No big surprise such a large number of works are Stool dull name Play for five quarters, Mr. Dreariness, four siblings, and afterward impacting the body and soul, working day and a day away from work, two tastes of bliss and take me to the moon. Murakami he was youthful and thin jazz znaktok jazz old style and vanguard composed his works vystarivaya line of tune and contrast complicatedly weaving spontaneous creation and again back to the holding of the subject. Like each improviser he commits errors, which isn't going after the tone or wandering from the inflection, yet recapturing the predetermined riff, again compel ling the beat uolyhatsya and symphony words swing, Murakami takes the sound scope tube voice takes off over the ensemble, trombone firmly holds the pedal, a clarinet? .. clarinet weaves his cohorts and effortlessness, something fun, something pitiful, at that point make your own one of a kind voice, and afterward simply playing a subsequent voice, clearly not appealing. yet at the same time one of a kind and 0apominayuschiysya. As goovoryat audience members of jazz, on the off chance that you love the craftsman, what you tune in to everything, all the collections of this craftsman, and if not, Well bless your heart. Otschtitany four quarters conductor sounded the main harmony in the direct of all orekstra. furthermore, inhaled song of unceasing adoration the spirit and the body, beat and cadence, accents and special timings. Igranet Murakami, the Japanese maestro plays. . We will compose a custom exposition test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Norwegian Wood Review Essay Example Norwegian Wood Review Paper Exposition on Norwegian Wood Are you going to peruse equivalent to the rest you begin to think like every other person. (C) Maybe the novel Norwegian Wood Sensei Murakami is one of the most dubious regarding perusers conclusions. Some state this is probably the best work of the maestro, while others, in actuality, ascribed this work to the quantity of unremarkable works. I can say that my assessment of this book is a long way from the target, for Haruki Murakami one of the most intrigued me the writers. Be that as it may, draw nearer to the item. Â «The man who says that he is a normal, can not be trusted. (C) On the off chance that you examine the book on the benefits, it is conceivable to state that the tale of its substance is incredibly, straightforward. There are plainly characterized hero, there is inalienable in the Land of the Rising Sun, the deplorability of self destruction, there is likewise a sentimental line, combined with the personal minutes. When all is said in done, a full ground meat. Instead of into the subtleties of the plot, that it is ruled by two angles this is plainly communicated self-destructive propensities of certain characters. Furthermore, many, not without a great deal of collapsible and unnecessary sexual experience. By the center of the work, for me, I didn't leave the possibility that now somebody engages in sexual relations once with somebody or bite the dust. There is no third. In any case, its all shallow. On the off chance that you change the review edge of this novel, perusers, whenever wanted, can not really see, yet at any rate to think about the pi cture of individuals with eastern attitude. Their lifestyle, perspective, inspiration of those or different activities. In spite of the fact that Murakami has a place with the Europeanized authors, his works are loaded with oriental psyche. What's more, that is invaluable. He endorses a fine detail, and they give the result of some Japanese atmospherics. Also, in the event that you center around these easily overlooked details, this book begins to play totally various hues. Dormant and latent characters as they appear from the outset, the new methodology, are exceptionally savvy and earnest. Also, the story itself takes on another feeling of profundity. We will compose a custom exposition test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Norwegian Wood Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This book is written in the best, I would state, Murakami customary style. Furthermore, in the event that they survey it, I would put a strong 4 on a 5-point scale. Every one of the individuals who are curious about this work, I wish a wonderful perusing!

20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel 20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel 20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel By Mark Nichol An assortment of pretty much beautiful sayings alluding to cops and comparable position figures have created in American English, now and again enlivened by different dialects. Here is a rundown of such terms. 1. barney: This tenderly harsh term alludes to Barney Fife, a blundering humble community agent sheriff in the great 1960s sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. 2. bear: This term, from truckers’ slang, implies a style of cap worn by some law implementation work force one that takes after the one worn by fire-security symbol Smokey the Bear. (See likewise Smokey.) 3. the young men dressed in blue: This folksy expression alludes to the incessant utilization of blue as the shade of a police officer’s uniform-and beholds back to when no one but men could become cops. 4. bull: a term pervasive in the primary portion of the twentieth century, essentially alluding to railroad police yet relating to customary cops also and insinuating the forcefulness of these authorities. 5. cop: A truncation of copper from British English utilization, alluding to somebody who cops, or catches. 6. dick: A slanderous shortening of criminologist. 7. federales: Originally a Spanish expression for government police in Mexico, however facetiously utilized in the United States to allude to police when all is said in done. 8. the feds: A truncation of government, alluding to bureaucratic law implementation work force. 9. five-O: An expression for police got from the title of the TV arrangement Hawaii Five-O, about an extraordinary police unit by that name. 10. flatfoot: A reference to a cop, with a few potential causes, including the affiliation that police who strolled a beat apparently would get the ailment of level feet. 11. fluff: Originally a British English term alluding to felt-secured protective caps worn by London cops, later acquired into American English. 12. G-man: A term (got from â€Å"government man†) from the mid-twentieth century, alluding to FBI operators. 13. gendarmes: Originally a French expression for country cops, acquired into American English as funny slang. 14. gumshoe: A term insinuating delicate soled shoes worn by investigators that are more agreeable than hard-soled shoes or potentially empower them to follow suspects clandestinely. 15. the warmth: A reference to the weight that law authorization authorities apply to suspects. 16. the law: An aggregate term for law requirement. 17. the man: A term implying the overwhelming authority of law implementation staff. 18. pig: An injurious term going back to the 1800s that fell into neglect however was resuscitated during the social liberties period. 19. po-po: A reduplicative term alluding to cops. 20. Smokey: An expression for law authorization faculty, got from a relationship of the style of cap worn by some state troopers with the one worn by Smokey the Bear. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementIs Number Singular or Plural?

Cultural knowledge

Social information is critical for contemporary society, in light of the fact that in the worldwide world it is important to set benevolent relations and working contacts with all the way of life and nations. A potential cohort for me is Chinese understudy, since Chinese culture is essentially unique in relation to other people and I would have the option to learn new things, thoughts, center convictions from Chinese student.I realize that Chinese culture is one of the most seasoned on the planet and, in this way, it is extremely worth looking at and contemplating. It is fascinating to find out about Chinese family esteems and conviction, correspondence idiosyncrasies, about monetary and political goals of the nation just as about their recreation time.Thus, Chinese understudy would surely help me in growing my social information. Chinese individuals are apparently limited, since they are affected by Confucius' philosophical reasoning and in this way they are progressively saved in v erbal and nonverbal communication.Emotional motions and non-verbal communication is less expressive as contrasted and Cuba or Brasilia, for instance. Concerning me, I am exceptionally open individual and it is intriguing for me get to know totally unique behavior.I realize that there are impossible to miss esteems in Chinese culture and I figure we should give uncommon consideration and, possibly, even to receive them. For instance, family is viewed as the premise of Chinese culture, particularly more distant families, when a few ages are living respectively in one house.The senior age is regarded for their astuteness and for the most part they are given acceptable annuities contrasted and that in different nations. Know that Chinese relatives will in general work as a group living under one rooftop as it is referenced above.The family government assistance is contributed by each relative, either youthful or senior. I comprehend that we ought to follow Chinese in specific convention s, customs.  So, I would be given a chance to receive some Chinese qualities just as to impart my way of life and my insight to Chinese understudy. Moreover, they are considered non-struggle people.ReferencesCountry’s Profile: China. Recovered January 17, 2007, from http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/china/index.html

What Two Major Topics Does the Essay Discuss at Length the Scarlet Letter?

What Two Major Topics Does the Essay Discuss at Length the Scarlet Letter?So, what two major topics does the essay discuss at length? I have been asked this question many times, which prompts me to give a lengthy response. Now before I get started, let me explain the two topics at hand.The first topic is a particular subject. You will find that it covers some controversial subject. You should have an objective standpoint and make sure that you are not being facetious. This can be hard to write so you may want to turn to some of the essay writers on the internet.The second topic is one particular topic that you choose for the essay. It may cover religious views, politics, or a number of other topics.It is up to you what you want to write about, but I think you will find that religion is a great subject. Writing about your religion is a great way to connect with your audience. I have written several essays about my faith and you can read them at my website.After you have selected your specific topic or subjects, you need to determine how to go about writing your essay. Do you want to keep it simple or do you want to write something that will captivate the reader? There are many different styles and techniques.In a traditional format, you use outline, lists, headers, paragraphs, bullets, footnotes, lists, and an ending paragraph. Depending on your needs, it is up to you to decide which form you will use.Writing and rewriting is often a time consuming task and requires planning. It may not always be possible to meet deadlines, so I suggest you write a rough draft and then look at it again a couple of times. You may also find that you can either rewrite the rough draft to fit in better with the formal format or change the rough draft and write the first draft.As you can see, there are many forms and ways to present your thesis or dissertation, but one thing remains constant: you must be able to present your material in a way that the reader will find engaging. There fore, your job as a scholar is to be able to find the best way to present your ideas.

Marketing SONY Bravia 3D HDtv Term Paper - 1100 Words

Marketing: SONY Bravia 3D HDtv (Term Paper Sample) Content: Running Head: MarketingMarketingNameInstitutionTutorCourseDateMarketing: SONY Bravia 3D HDtvMarketing is used by companies to deliver their services and products to the targeted buyers. This is how such companies increase their income from sales. To achieve this, most companies usually apply specific strategies of informing potential customers about the availability of such services or commodities (Cappo, 2009). This process of informing the purchasers is known as advertising. There are different means or strategies applied when advertising services or products. Today we have social networks, internet links, websites, use of billboards, television, radio and even the press, all of which are mainly used for advertising purposes. The use of television has currently become a primary tool for advertising, and the reason it is widely used by many large organizations and even small businesses.For SONY to achieve its business goals, it is required to understand the major wan ts and needs of its targeted customers. This is important because it will improve the goods and services thus satisfying the desires or needs of the market in an efficient manner. Such an approach will improve the competitive advantages of the entire business. Marketing plan is necessary since it help organizations develop good relationships with the clients thereby maximizing the number of returns. In order for the company to sell its SONY Bravia 3D HDtv, it would be essential to conduct appropriate market surveys and also consider the market factors and cycles (Cappo, 2009).The 3D TV has been able to revolutionize modern home entertainment because it delivers stunning as well life-like visual effects. The 3D TV series provides a wider range of 3D effects and contents to ensure home-viewing has been revolutionized. This latest Full HD 3D Television series has been powered by Sonys modern 3D technology and comes with advanced 3D sync transmitter, among other features. There are seve ral ways towards advertising and marketing of the SONY Bravia 3D HDtv. Television use to advertise can provide the opportunity to show and explain a lot of things to the audience regarding the SONY Bravia 3D. The buyer will understand the nature of the product hence making better decisions towards its consumption (Cappo, 2009). The importance with this form of advertising is that it shows the customer how the particular product can be used, its price, and where it can be found. This is an important approach towards marketing for both the producing company as well as the final buyer. While using the TVs for advertising, there is always a need to make sure the buyer is convinced why the product is important. This will make sure the purchasing behaviors of the buyers have been influenced in a positive manner.SONY can also work with agency companies whose work is to produce quality television adverts to boost the number of customers using the products. Television advertising should offe r full visual companions to improve the quality of communication to the buyer. This becomes a critical element of marketing (Cappo, 2009). Some agencies have been offering advertising services to both big and small companies such as TVS Media. Most of the television productions delivered makes it possible to realize positive returns from the advertising process. For television advertising, there is a need to have creativity and read the minds of all potential customers. The use of television to advertise the SONY Bravia 3D HDtv has currently become popular for the company in order to reach out to the greatest number of buyers. This strategy has made the company grow in a very amazing way. The number of customers determines business growth and the quantity of sales realized at the end of the day (Cappo, 2009). This kind of advertising delivers the right messages and information to the target buyer in his /her living room. The modern proliferation in the number of individuals viewing television today is also a big advantage for companies.A good television ad for the SONY Bravia 3D HDtv should meet some given requirements if the target customer is to be influenced positively. The first requirement is to begin by having a very good and attractive script. This script should highlight the benefits of the product to the end user and also convince the buyer why the service is important (Cappo, 2009). The use of advertising agencies is an excellent approach to make sure a good advert is produced. This will help create a good campaign towards better business performance and realizati...

Perl Tutorials

Setting Up and Validating Radio Buttons

The setup and validation of radio buttons appears to be the form field that gives many webmasters the most difficulty in setting up. In actual fact the setup of these fields is the most simple of all form fields to validate as radio buttons set one value that only needs to be tested when the form is submitted. The difficulty with radio buttons is that there are at least two and usually more fields that need to be placed on the form,  related together and tested as one group. Provided that you use the correct naming conventions and layout for your buttons, you will not have any trouble. Setup the Radio Button Group The first thing that to look at when using radio buttons on our form is how the buttons need to be coded in order for them to function properly as radio buttons. The desired behavior we want is to have only one button selected at a time; when one button is selected then any previously selected button will be automatically deselected. The solution here is to give all of the radio buttons within the group the same name but different values. Here is the code used for the  radio button themselves. input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr2 value2 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr3 value3 / The creation of multiple groups of radio buttons for the one form is also straightforward. All you need to do is to provide the second group of radio buttons with a different name to that used for the first group. The name field determines which group that a particular button belongs to. The value that will be passed for a specific group when the form is submitted will be the value of the button within the group that is selected at the time that the form is submitted. Describe Each Button In order for the person filling out the form to understand  what each radio button in our group does, we need to provide descriptions for each button. The simplest way to do this is to provide a description as text immediately following the button. There are a couple of problems  with just using plain text, however: The text may be visually associated with the radio button, but it may not be clear to some who use screen readers, for example.  In most user interfaces using radio buttons, the text associated with the button is clickable and able to select its associated radio button. In our case here, the text will not work in this way unless the text is specifically associated with the button. Associating Text with a Radio Button To associate  the text with its corresponding radio button so that clicking on the text will select that button, we need to make a further addition to the code for each button by surrounding the entire button and its associated text within a label. Here is what the complete HTML for one of the buttons would look like: input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /label forr1 button one/label As the radio button with the id name referred to in the for parameter of the label tag is actually contained within the tag itself, the for and id parameters are redundant in some browsers. Their  browsers, however, are often not smart enough to recognize the nesting, so it is worth putting them in to maximize the number of browsers in which the  code will function. That completes the coding of the radio buttons themselves. The final step is to set up the radio button validation using JavaScript. Setup Radio Button Validation Validation of groups of radio buttons may not be obvious, but it is straightforward once you know how. The following function will validate that one of the radio buttons in a group has been selected: // Radio Button Validation// copyright Stephen Chapman, 15th Nov 2004,14th Sep 2005// you may copy this function but please keep the copyright notice with itfunction valButton(btn) {    var cnt -1;    for (var ibtn.length-1; i -1; i--) {          if (btn[i].checked) {cnt i; i -1;}    }    if (cnt -1) return btn[cnt].value;    else return null;} To use the above function, call it from within your form validation routine and pass it the radio button group name.  It will return the value of the button within the group that is selected, or return a null value if no button in the group is selected. For example, here is  the code that will perform the radio button validation: var btn valButton(form.group1);if (btn null) alert(No radio button selected);else alert(Button value btn selected); This code was included into the function called by an onClick event attached to the validate (or submit) button on the form. A reference to the whole form was passed as a parameter into the function, which uses the form argument to refer to the complete form. To validate the radio button group with the name group1 we, therefore, pass form.group1 to the valButton function. All of the radio button groups that you will ever need can be handled using the steps covered above.

Religion Hinduism and Islam Essay - 1277 Words

Hinduism and Islam are two largely practiced religions, specifically in India and the subcontinents. Both Hinduism and Islam have unique practices and traditions, which can vary depending on the town, region or people. They share a common belief in a supreme god, that being either Brahma or Allah respectively. The traditions differ on the central texts used, as well as differences in the process of reaching the afterlife and basic beliefs. Although, Hinduism might be regarded by some as a polytheistic religion in its most basic form Hinduism is based around one deity. The Brahma is the god that all of the other gods are derived from and each god is a manifestation of the one being. There are four other main deities, aside from Brahma,†¦show more content†¦Allah is the creator of everything and is held in the highest regard for Islamic people. Although there is one god, there are a multitude of prophets who bring the word of God to the Muslim people much like the multiple de ities who come from Brahma. It is believed that God sent multiple prophets to tell of the last and most significant prophet, Muhammad. These prophets also preached the Oneness of God and would tell followers to avoid sin. Muhammad, who is believed to be a prophet of God, is considered the last prophet sent by god to the Muslim people. Muhammad is believed to have brought the word of God through the Qur’an. The Prophets’ life started in Mecca where he grew up orphaned. During his life, specifically in the month of Ramadan, he would spend time in a cave outside Mecca where he originally received revelations about the sacred text. Originally Muhammad found little success preaching God’s word but eventually gained a following of Muslim people, which would turn into the tradition it is today. Although their belief in a supreme god aligns in both Islam and Hinduism, the traditions differ on the texts used centrally in each practice. The Veda, written between 1750 B CE and 600 BCE are ancient scriptures, which are the sacred texts of Hinduism. One of the forms the Veda is the Shruti, which is â€Å"that which was heard† and the other form is the Vedir seers or Rishis which means â€Å"saw†. The Veda is split into fourShow MoreRelatedThe Religions Of Islam, Hinduism, And Buddhism1241 Words   |  5 Pages Religion and politics are quite interwoven into society both in the developed world as well as in the developing world. This paper will discuss the major religions of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism and how these faiths connect to politics of nations. Islam has always been a very mixed within state and society as a whole, with no true line between church and state. Islam began in the Arabia by the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century, and is the second largest religion in the worldRead MoreReligion : Hinduism, Islam, And Christianity1079 Words   |  5 PagesReligion is known as having a deep relationship with a supreme being or thing. Also, to believe in them with the extent of worship and to follow their practices. A few of the main religions over time have been Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. These three religions consist of ideas and practices that may be very different, but are made up of the same general idea expressed in a new form. Although their main differences, each religion seeks one thing, and that s an afterlife. Most religions areRead MoreWorld Religion : Judaism, Hinduism, And Islam Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Religion At first glance and hearing about, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam these five religions-look and sound a lot alike. Each one was founded and developed by mankind, follow a list of religious principles and directives to live by, and they all share the same consciousness of wrong doings being reconciled. Because anyone can strike up a new religion at any time, however, religion cannot be judged on how it looks or sounds. As a comparison we will see just how differentRead MoreHinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, And Religion1531 Words   |  7 PagesHinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism these are the different types of religions that exist in our society. Religion is a prominent part of most people s lives in our contemporary world. Religion is a cultural system, in this system, there are different beliefs that are normally unique to the religion. In most religions, there is a belief in spiritual beings also known as God. Many people around the world practice their religion by following what is expected of them according to historyRead MoreThe Five Major Religions : Hinduism, Christianity, And Islam868 Words   |  4 Pagesall religions are true and that they are only different routes to God or the Real to find salvation. The religions have same similarities and some areas of conflict that Hick explain with his theory of Pluralism. Pluralism is when more than one religion is true. In the last section of the essay, Hick explain the move of Christians from being exclusive to inclusive. In this period of globalization and diversity, Pluralism is the way communities with different cultures, traditions, and religions manageRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Buddhism942 Words   |  4 PagesCCOT Essay Hinduism and Buddhism were both founded and popular in northern India by 600 CE. Although Hinduism and the Hindu caste system maintained a strong influence in South Asia throughout 600-1750 CE, the Hindu majority eventually gave way as Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and syncretic faiths gradually moved in and across the Indian Ocean basin by 1750 CE. Even then, Hinduism did spread from northern India through southern India to Southeast Asia. The caste system was maintained from 600-1750Read MoreAnalysis of Hinduism and Islam651 Words   |  3 Pages Amongst the various religions practice are Islam and Hinduism. Both of these religions are widely practiced by people who believe in the same ideals or concepts. These separate religions are similar to one another, but also contrasting. Common themes can be found between Hinduism and Islam, but the differences are predominant as well. Those who practice Islam are typically Arabic and are called Muslim’s. This practice is based off of the text called the Qur’an. The Qur’an is a bible of sorts toRead MoreDifferences Between Hinduism And Islam924 Words   |  4 PagesHinduism and Islam are two of the world’s great religions however, they differ in many regards including their beliefs in god, their ethical beliefs and the afterlife in fact, it would be quite difficult to find to two religions more different then Islam and Hinduism. One major difference is in their belief in god, Muslims are steadfastly monotheistic where Hindus are very much polytheistic. Another key difference is their views on the afterlife Hindus believe in reincarnation, whereas Muslims believeRead MoreDifferences Between Islam And Hinduism1280 Words   |  6 Pages Islam and Hinduism are both very large, popular world religions. Although the two religions have some common ground, there are many distinct differences between the two religions. Many of the differences are centered around two major beliefs. The two major beliefs are the means of salvation and the number of Gods the followers of the religions worship and believe in. Religions often answer questions about spiritual life. A question that is often asked is, â€Å"What happens after death?† Many peopleRead MoreIslam, Hinduism, Buddhism And Christianity Comparison1025 Words   |  5 PagesPractices of Hinduism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity Comparison Hinduism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity developed centuries ago and have been practiced since then to today. Groups of people who practice these religions are bound to the conventional norms, beliefs, cultures and way of life of each. Each religion has a particular faith in a supreme being (Woodhead, Partridge Kawanami, 2016). Muslims believe in Allah, Christians believe in Jesus Christ, Hindus believe in

Linking State and Private Religion to Government - 1656 Words

Ancient Egyptian Religion Topic: What are the similarities and differences between state religion and private religion? How is state religion linked the government? The Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus wrote in his Histories that ancient Egyptians were â€Å"religious excessively beyond all other men†. This comment, although perhaps biased by his Greek perspective, illuminates for modern man the importance of religion in the everyday lives of ancient Egyptian peoples. Religion, in the form of devotion, prayers and offerings, was considered essential to maintaining a happy, healthy life. This devotion could take one of two distinct shapes: state-wide religious worship, or personal, popular worship. Each of these forms of worship is similar but distinctive, and both are a good example of how ancient Egyptian theology was distinct from any other theological system in the ancient world. Ancient Egyptian religion was unique: several scholars have noted that there was no other religion like it in all of history.1 The combination of deities, mythology and attached ritual activities were created and built upon over centuries, and so it is a very complex theological structure. The religion itself was polytheistic (meaning that many gods were worshipped simultaneously), although at times in Egypt’s history, and depending on the governmental ruler, we have evidence of henotheism (focus on one god, but not excluding others).2 In order to add to the mystery of theirShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Theravada Buddhism On Myanmar1288 Words   |  6 Pageshas been known as a Theravada Buddhist country. As with most religions, the hermeneutics can vary; therefore, a hermeneutical analysis of Theravada Buddhism, specific to Myanmar, is essential in discovering how violence, ethnocentrism, and xenophobia develop. By doing so ways in which to reverse this social pattern becom e apparent. 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Business Law Electronic Transactions Act

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Electronic Transactions Act. Answer: Introduction: In order to know that when and where a agreement was created as that can have an effect on the privileges of the parties and in determining the jurisdiction over the agreement in the case of a argument. But it was not clear when and how the agreements were created. If the postal approval rules were applied to the email agreements by similarity with same mail, then an email agreement would be created when the receiving party sent the approval by pressing the send button on his/her computer. If the postal approval rule was not applied, under the normal rules of an agreement, then the agreement would be created when the party who was making an offer receives the approval. The Electronic Transactions Act 1999 does not specifically settle the case. It only defines the time of receipt of an electronic message at the time when it enters into the addressees information system. The place of that receipt would be the addressees principal place of trade or the place of trade which would be more closely linked with the deal regardless of where the addressees computer actually was. Despite the fact, it has not been specified clearly that whether the sending or receipt of the approval completes the formation of an agreement or not. In the United States of America, the Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act lays down that the agreement negotiated by electronic message was created when approval was received. Though, this has only been accepted by two states, it was the suitable rule. However, it was not clear that these rules would be accepted in Australia, where the time and place of creation of email remains uncertain. A contract has been regarded as an agreement entered among two individuals which was lawfully enforceable and binding upon the parties. For creating or forming a contract by other means rather than by electronic means five major components were required. The requirements were as follows: First element for forming a valid contract was an agreement, which normally comprises of a proposal and an approval and also involves a meeting of minds on the same thing in the same sense among two individuals upon an agreement. In order to be efficient an agreement must also be certain in all the material respects. Thus, an agreement which was vague, ambiguous, incomplete, or includes a mere agreement to agree would not be enforceable. Second was the price hat was asked by the person who made an offer in exchange for their promise and was an necessary requirement in Australia before an agreement would be binding. Consequently, gratuitous promises were generally not enforceable. It was a complex requirement containing many rules and qualifications. In addition, the principle of promissory estoppels now operates to allow the enforcement of agreements even if the existence of valid consideration was absent. For an agreement to exist the individuals who were the party to an agreement must intend to create lawful relations. Usually, the presence of price would offer evidence of this, but not always, so that this requirement must be proved separately in each matter. The burden of proof was on the party who was seeking to prove that the agreement demonstrated intention and the nature of the relationship between the parties, while relevant, no longer carries with it any presumption about the contractual intention of the individuals involved. There were certain people and class of people who lack the capacity to enter into an agreement with the consequence that resulting agreements would not be enforceable against them. Lack of capacity now often stems to form a fear of vulnerability to exploitation. Lastly, in most of the matters there was no requirement for an agreement to comply with any formalities. However, laws do force such a requirement in a limited range of agreements, most commonly those relating to the sale or disposition of property or assurance. The crucial moment in formation of a contract was the approval. It was at that moment an agreement was said to be formed. Because of the internal role of approval in the formation of an agreement the law generally requires that the offeree actually communicate his or her approval of the offer. In the case of Hartog v Colin Shields [1939] 3 All ER 566 it was stated that if the offer was made by mistake and has not been accepted then it can be expressed and can be withdrawal by the party at fault. But the mistake should be unintentional. E-mail in the present context refers to any form of electronic messages which were based upon texts. Commonly, the agreements which were formed by way of email exchange resemble customary agreements in so far that an individual decision maker reviews the contractual relationship at both ends of the deal in the following way: A sends an e-mail offer to B proposing an agreement and after reviewing the proposal, B indicates his or her approval by email or in the same manner. That is email communications facilitates the human-human agreements. Contracts which were formed with the aid of e-mail include those agreements which result from the posting of online messages at online sites. A legally binding contract (electronic contract) made by buying goods or services through the internet between an electronic agent and the parties who have no personal contact or pre-existing business relationship. Electronic contracts were formed when 5 requirements have been fulfilled which includes: Invitation to offer It has been held in the matter of Cottee v Franklins Self-Serve Pfy Ltd (1995) Aust Contract Reports 90-060 that a display of goods online has been treated as an invitation made by the vendor. Such a display constitutes an invitation to treat to which the buyer makes an offer to pay the advertised price, and the agreements was created on the approval given by the vendor of the consumers offer at the point of sale. An instant contact The purpose of the parties to the contract Time and Place of Receipt of Electronic Approvals Time and Place of delivery The procedure of forming an agreement has been divided into three different stages: An invitation to treat; An offer; An approval When an individual look over an item for sale in a shop window, it would be taken as an offer which has been made by the shopkeeper to sell the item. However, in legal terms the display of an object was not an offer to sell that item, rather it would be an invitation to proposal. An invitation to treat comes before the offer in the contractual process, and was an indication by the seller that they may be proposed to enter in an agreement. The second stage i.e. the offer only takes place when a person go into the shop stating that they would like to buy the item which has been displayed. It would be then on the vendor to either accepts the offer or reject it. It was likely similar that the websites would be treated as being similar to a shop window and that the advertisement of an item for sale on a site would amount to an invitation to proposal. If so, an offer would only be made when a customer gives notice of his aim ion to buy an item from the site at which the seller would either accept or reject that offer. Online traders should therefore particularly state in their terms and conditions that the display of items for sale on websites was only an invitation to treat even when a electronic agent was appointed to enable he agreement to be formed. Further complexity awaits the analysis if the online transactions involving email or contracts which were concluded totally online. For example, where a buyer, have obtained the email address of the vendor from the advertisement and emails an order to the vendor. The reply may depend on his or her purpose comprises an approval. But in the matter of Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Company Ltd [I8931 1 QB 256 it has been clearly state that the established categories of invitation to treat, offer, approval and so on cannot be applied mechanically or ultimately. So, the lawful interpretation and effect if an online communication would be determined by a specific reason of situation. So the advertisement has indicated an intention to be bind so was constituted as an offer. It was held in another case of Reardon v Morley Ford Pty Ltd (1980) 49 FLR 401, 407 it was held that no absolute rule has been made that shop displays must be an invitation to treat. So, it can be concluded that it can be an offer in some situations but there is no absolute rule. With the online trade process being automated there may be confusion as to when an offer was accepted. The basic rule was that for approval to be effective it must be communicated. However, it was not clear when an online approval was communicated. There have been two methods by which the terms and conditions if an agreement can be accepted such as the: Clicks wrap agreement which was an electronic agreement where the terms and conditions of the agreement were located on the same page as I agree button. Consumers were usually obligatory to scroll through all the terms and conditions and then take positive action by clicking I agree before proceeding further. This form of contract was highly likely to be enforceable as a contract. A browse wrap agreement was where the terms and conditions were not on the same page as the I agree button and can be accessed by a hyperlink on the same page. This form of agreement was less likely to be enforceable as a contract. More recently, new technologies have been established to create a more ultimate agreement between the parties to an e contract. These technologies allow the person to sign on an electronic device such as a tablet or hone. A digital autograph was a term used by people to define a type of e signature. A proposal made under error could be withdrawal by the party only if approval has not been provided. Because once approval was given then the mistake cannot be rectified. The parties at dispute have the privilege to have and get legal assistance from an advocate to take up his matter. The party can also do the settlement of dispute can be done outside the court by way of arbitration, conciliation, facilitation etc. There have been special rulings that apply in relation to electronic dealings such as the Electronic Transactions Act which was almost a wholesale adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000. Both the acts are identical to each other there is no difference between them. The only disparity is that one of the statutes was applied all over Australia and other was applicable to the state of Victoria. Also since the organization of the postal rule of approval in the year 1818 in the matter of Adams v Lindsell, various substitute methods of contacting have been urbanized, including phone, telex, email, etc. The most renowned formulation of the ruling was propounded by the Judge in the case of Henthorn v Fraser. In this case it was affirmed that where the situations were such that it must have been within the inspection of the individuals that, as per the normal practices of the humans, the post might be used as a means of communicating the approval of an offer, the approval would be completed as soon as it would be posted. In the case of Bressan v Squire it was upheld that this rule can be displaced I the parties expressly or impliedly have made such terms in the agreement which necessitate that the approval be received by the offeror. It has been a well established rule that the general rule governing the approval of a proposal which has been made was that the approval would not be effectual until it was communicated to the offeror. Though, a uniformly well recognized exemption to this general regulation was deeply well-established within the lawful system, the scope of the rule and its applicability to the new forms of communication were issues which have not been overwhelmingly resolved by the courts. Since the original formulation of the postal approval rule, e-mail technology has radically distorted. As each new innovative method of communication has emerged, the courts have been bound to decide the applicability of the postal approval rule. The development of e-mail means that this matter has once again arisen for the price paid. Under the Contract Law there has not been any basic rule that limit the agreements which were being created by electronic means. As a result, the legislations which were applicable to the agreements which were dealt online were the same as those appropriate to non- virtual dealings. One of the key issues that arises for online agreements was the validity of Click through agreements, being agreements where the customer clicks on an on-screen icon to recognize the standard circumstances and situations. There were less case laws in relation to the click- through agreements. References: Attorney Generals Department, Australian Government, E-commerce, 2016 https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/ECommerce/Pages/default.aspx Australasian Legal Information Institute, ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT 1999, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/eta1999256/ Australian Contract Law, Formation, 2013 https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation.html Clayton UTZ, Electronic Commerce, 2014 https://www.claytonutz.com/ArticleDocuments/501/8_ElectronicCommerce.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Corny Lind, Enforceability of Online Contracts in Australia, 2016 https://www.corneyandlind.com.au/resource-centre/commercial/enforceability-of-online-contracts-in-australia/ Tandem, The Legal Issues of Electronic Contracts in Australia, 2011 https://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/1022220110206.pdf Find law Australia, Internet shopping: How a contractual agreement is formed, 2016 https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4500/internet-shopping-how-a-contractual-agreement-is-f.aspx Katherine Hawes, Electronic Contracts, 2016 https://www.dynamicbusiness.com.au/small-business-resources/legal/electronic-contracts.html Kathryn O'Shea and Kylie Seaman, Acceptance of Offers by E-Mail - How Far Should the Postal Acceptance Rule Extend? 1997https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/viewFile/446/433 Legal Aid Queensland, Contracts and unfair contract terms, 2016 https://www.legalaid.qld.gov.au/Find-legal-information/Work-and-money/Consumer-rights/Contracts-and-unfair-contract-terms Legal Aid Western Australia, E contracts and online buying, 2016 https://www.legalaid.wa.gov.au/INFORMATIONABOUTTHELAW/WORKMONEY/BUYINGGOODSSERVICES/Pages/EContractsOnlineBuying.aspx Out-Law.com, Online Contract Formation, 2016 https://www.out-law.com/page-394 Saul Squires, Some Contract Issues Arising from online Business consumer agreements, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2000/5.pdf Sharon Christensen, Formation of Contracts by Email Is it Just the Same as the Post? Queensland University of Technology Law Justice Journal, 2001 file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/58-116-1-SM%20(2).pdf Simone W B Hill, Email contracts When is the contract formed? 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlLawInfoSci/2001/4.html The Law Society of New South Wales, Civil Litigation Committee and Business Law Committee, 2012 https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetyounglawyers/644777.pdf

The Nullification Crisis free essay sample

Therefore, the riffs only stopped their foreign trade and did nothing to benefit them. South Carolina became so enraged that when Congress declared the tariff on 1828, many of the southern people said they were going to back out of the union or secede. After this, Vice President Calhoun, who was born in South Carolina, wanted to legally resist the tariffs. He created the idea of nullification in 1828.John Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which cellared the tariff null and void in South Carolina. Nullification was the theory that a state had the ability to declare invalid a federal-level law. So when the national government instituted a tariff, Calhoun told the South Carolina that they could simply refuse to pay it. The majority of the northern states werent affected by the tariffs because their industries were not targeted.As the strength of the tariffs accumulated, the Southern people felt a rising sense of a common identity in their decision o declare the tariffs null and void and their desire to remove themselves from the Join intensified. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nullification Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page President Jackson believed the Souths interest in nullification was the same as an act of treason and asserted the unions dominance over the South by sending a battleship to Charleston. These tensions between the South and those northern states that believed the union must be preserved, were a contributing factor to the cause of the Civil War.

What are the religious and ethical considerations to the issue of euthanasia Essay Example

What are the religious and ethical considerations to the issue of euthanasia Essay The word euthanasia originated from the Greek language; eu means good and thantos means death. One meaning given to the word is the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies. The term euthanasia normally implies that the act must be initiated by the person who wishes to commit suicide. There are many different types of euthanasia these are: passive euthanasia which is the hastening of a persons death by altering some form of support and letting nature take its course e.g. removing life support equipment. Another form of euthanasia is active euthanasia; this involves causing the death of a person through a direct action, in response to a request from that person. A well known example was the mercy killing in 1998 of a patient with ALS by Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a Michigan physician.There is also physician assisted suicide, this is where a physician supplies information / or the means of committing suicide e.g. a prescription for a lethal dos e of sleeping pills, or a supply of carbon monoxide gas.Involuntary euthanasia which seems to cause the most outrage is where the killing of a person takes place in which the person has not explicitly requested aid in dying. This is most often done to patients who are in a persistent vegetative state and will probably never recover.Euthanasia raises both moral and religious issues. These issues can affect both the suffering individual and the person who carries out the termination.An Issue which kuhse brought up which relates to both passive and active euthanasia is what is the distinction between killing and letting die?Some may see the distinction being the person who kills causes death whereas the person does nothing is simply letting nature run its course.Glover stated that when looking at this distinction it is necessary to look at the degree to which they are expensive, unusual, difficult, and painful or dangerous. These are called ordinary and extraordinary means.The main arg ument is argument of the santicty of life approach against the autonomy of the individual. The church believes that life is sacred and dissagrees will any of the following crimes against life such as murder , suicide,abortion etc. God gave life to us as a gift and which we are called apon to preserve it and make it fruitful'(decalaration on Euthanasia,1980) Human life is a gift from God. We are stewards of this gift, not owners. It is our responsibility to nurture it, respect it, and protect it. Human life has value regardless of its nature or quality. Life has special dignity and worth. Human life is a trust and not a personal possession over which we have full control. No one can claim total mastery over ones own life or anothers life. Every innocent human being is absolutely equal to all others. This equality is the basis of all authentic social relationships and can only be founded on truth and justice, recognizing and protecting every man and woman as a person and not as an obj ect to be used. God alone has sovereignty over life and death. The taking of ones life is not a human right and intentionally causing death is a rejection of Gods sovereignty over life.To take someones life opposes gods love for that person , and rejects the duty of the person to live according to gods plan. The catholic church makes it clear that it is wrong to ask someone to assist your death , as it questions the violation of the divine law. It is an offence against the dignity of the human person and a crime against humanity. The church believes we do not have the freedom to decide wiether we live or die as it is gods choice and only his.We were made for his purpose and we should fulfil that purpose through life.According to the catechism of the catholic church an act of omission which , of itself or by intention , causes death in order to eliminate suffering constitutes to a murder gravely contrary to the dignity of the human person and to the respect due to the living God, hi s creator. Here the church once again expresses that any form of killing is deemed as wrong.Even in the modern catholic view is against euthanasia . Pope paul the second 1995, in the evangelium vitae quotes Euthanasia must be called a false mercy, and indeed a disturbing perversion of mercy. This showing the modern negative view.The docturine of faith quotes life as being something sacred and the argument is shown clearly in the story of creation (Genisis 1-2:4)The main argument put up against this is the autonomy (Argued for by john stuart mill , utilitarian) John stuart argues that I matters that do not concern others , individuals should have complete autonomy . Which is the idea that the person has compelete control over what happen to their body life as well as death.Utilitarianists believe autonomy is a liberty of action .Autonomy is defined as the absence of the use of force or the threat of force to make someone do what they would otherwise be unwilling to do. They argue tha t it is a freedom of choice. Autonomy is defined as the presence of options. Mill: liberty of action and thought are needed for happiness since such liberty develops requisite intellectual traits and character traits .Autonomy not a fundamental value or first principle (as for Kant) but is an indispensable means to the end of happiness .Autonomy involves a person choosing their own plans for life, making their own decisions without manipulation by others And it exercises firmness and self control in acting on their decisions.The author of such books as final exit quoted the right to choose to die when in advanced terminal or hopeless illness is the ultimate civil liberty. Derek HumphryAdvocate for voluntary euthanasia argue that this should be an option for any competent adult.Quality of life argument links in with the autonomy argument as people say that human beings should be able and have the right to live dignified lives and so the ends of their lives should be dignified too. T hey say it isnt a matter of pain Many argue the fact that euthanaisa maintains quality of life . They argue that humans have the right to live dignified lives aswell as dignified ends. This isnt a matter of pain but self respect. If the standard of a person is such that they no longer want to continue it then they should be able to end their lives.Having control over their lives is seen to enhance human dignity .People who support the concept of euthanasia may look at the QOL (Quality of life ) of the individual when deciding if a person should go ahead with euthanasia. This ultiltarian approach takes into account the possible length of life , the patients state of mind, the resources needed and available and the amount of suffering that they are experencing .People take this view on euthanasia as they believe a person should be able to die in a pain free and dignified way. In america in the medical proffesion they used a system called (QALYS) quality adjusted life year schedules. T his enables doctors to asses the QOL of the patient in terms of the number of valuable years left to the person.Most people would like to imagin their family members and ourselves having the least painful death and some argue this for a reason to make euthanasia legal. Euthanaisa shows mercy for those suffereing with intolerable pain from an incureable disease. The humanist Thomas More (1478-1535) argued that when a patient suffers a tourturing pain , so that there is no hope , either of recovery or ease they may choose to die since they cannot bear to live in misery. Euthanasia is a merciful opportunity to end uneccesary suffering.The christian belief argues that suffering is not unnecceary but suffering has a special place in Gods plan. Just as Jesus died on the cross, and human suffereing at the end of life connects us to the suffering that jesus experienced on the cross. This doesnt mean that catholics cannot take pain killers and should activily seek pain, but it does grant suf fering the possiblility of having a positive effect on the individual . It provides that final chance to get as close to god before you die. Thomos wood stated suffering can have moral effects and can have a meaning in the context of a life lived in faith.There is now understood to be a difference in the way the line is drawn between ordinary and extraordinary means by medical science on the one hand, and moral theology on the other. In medicine, a means is ordinary which is scientifically established, statistically successful, and reasonably available. If any of these conditions is lacking, the means is considered to be extraordinary. In moral theology, a means is ordinary if it is beneficial, useful or not unreasonably burdensome (physically or psychologically) to the person. The docturine of faith(1980) gives us the best idea of the churchs view on ordinary and extra ordinary means. The docturine of faith defines medical treatment into two different ways, which are proportionate and disproportionate. An example of this would be if the action on the patient was relativly pain free and would definitly provide a better quality of life for the patient it would be seen to be proportionate. But if the action prooved to be painful and would not quarentee a better quality of life it is seen to be dispropotionate.The catechism of the catholic church believes that discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate meaning the church believes that refusing this extraordinary act can be seen justifiable. An example of this would be a person being kept alive through artificial means such as a life support.The church also accepts the double affect law.The double effect argument links in with the beliefs in ordinary and extra ordinary means.This argument stresses greatly that there is a huge difference between foreseeing an event and directly willing it to happen. Christians believe that in certain cases the double effect argument can be justifiable.For example if the death is caused by drugs which were intended to relieve pain then this is not seen as deliberate killing because as the docturine of faith (1980) expresses death is in no way intended or sought , even if the risk of it is reasonably takenMany ethical views are held among the church and outside of it. Such views as Kants deontological view are very similar to the church. When referring to the subject of suicide Kant quotes I cannot, therefore, dispose in any way of a man in my own person so as to mutilate him, damage him or kill him Kant believes that using death as a means of escape of suffering is always morally wrong.Ethicists that agree with the churches views on the sanctity of life and other Christian arguments are Germain Grisez and Joseph M Boyle Jr. They challenge the basic assumptions of pro euthanasia such as the assumption that there is a distinction between bodily life and personal lif e. In other words they reject the view that one can cease to be a person and yet still be bodily alive. They reject the view that it is the distinctively human component which is not yet present in the unborn or newly born and which is lost irreversibly comatose. The absence of their personal component is what makes one a candidate for euthanasia. The human being is one and bodily life is good in itself. They also reject the consequentialist position that consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of human actions. Anscombre expressed the christian belief well and stated the distinction between the intended , and the merely foreseen , effects of a volunatry action is indeed absolutely essential to christian ethics..Daniel c maguire agrees with the Griez and Boyle as far as life should be considered sacred yet Maquire has a proportionists position Maguire believes that life is a basic but not an absolute good. One is bound to respect life , but no one is obligated to prolong it in evry circumstance. He also argues that issues such as euthansia can only be handeled adequetly within the broad context of complete ethical theory. Maguire rejects the idea of a kind of fatalistic theism which forbidsexpanding the human domain over dying because the time of death is organised by God alone this implies humans are gods property. If we should not intervene then medicibe should be immoral, there is no essential difference between ending life and preserving it. Termanating life under certain circumstances may be good so long as a greater good than phsical life is being served.Another scholar who takes a utilitarian approach to the subject of euthanasia is Rachels. Rachels states It would seem , therefor , that , at least on a theoretical level , we cannot rule out the possibility that direct active euthanasia might I exceptional cases be justified Rachels gives a case in favour of active euthanasia on the grounds that passive euthanasia is often seen to be acepta ble. Rachels belief is that because the outcomes are both the same the person dies the morality of both of these forms cannot be distinguished. Rachels also believes that there is no moral significance between killing and letting someone die. Because the motives and concequences are both the same wether it be active or passive.Many people who agree with euthanasia are more likely to go against the churches absolutest view and go in favour of the idea of the right of automony as it is left up to the responsiblilty of the person who it concerns.This may be true in certain places , and we are aware that euthanasia takes place even though it is not legal but in the eyes of the law it is not left up to the person.The law causes problems when euthanaisa come in to play as it is still seen as sucide in some places, and as sucide is a crime it is against the law to commit euthanasia. The law sees it as to kill another person dilibertly is murder , even if the person involved asks them. If you assist a sucide it can be punishable for up to 14 years inprisonment ( legal position stated March 2002)It is however legal in holland and is thought upon by the public to be okay. Although others are afraid it will be legalised in britain and fear that if it was made legal , the law would be abused and innocent people would die who didnt want to. Also the dessicion to die not only affects the person but also others around that person such as family and friends.There are also political objections which is that our individual right to autonomy against law must be balanced against the need to make santitiy of life an important , intrinsic and abstract value of the law.Many scholars agree that life is sacred and a gift from god and when making life and death descions they should be though out and handleled with extra special care.Singer another person who takes a utilitarian approach towards euthanasia Is one of many scholars who agree with the autonomous view. Singer srgues that h umans have certain rights and if nessceray they should be allowed to make their own descions on life and death. Singer sees it as an essential part of having human rights and as he states one can waive ones rights if one so chooses. He also argues that if a person wishes to die then they should be given respect from others and if nesscecary others should help assist. Singer uses the QOL argument to qualify his belief that euthanasia should be seen to be aceptable upon defective infants and people with serious mental illesses. Singer goes against Griez ad Boyle and says that infants and people with mental illnesses such as brain stem damage lack the rationality , autonomy and self -conciousness of normal people , therefore killing them cannot be equated with the killingh normal human beings.Scholars such as Curran take a consequentialist approach when dealing with euthanaisa. Curran accepts life as a primordial value and again agrees life is sacred and deserves respect. Curran quote s I agree with the traditional argument against euthanasia that man does not have full domination over his life and therefore cannot postitively interfere to take his life Man does have some domination over the dying process because he can as a matter of fact shorten the time of his dying by not using or discontinuing even readily available means to prolong life. Curran argues that he does not see euthanasia as taking full control of a persons life as the dying process indicates that the human life has reached its limits .Although not all people completely agree with all types of euthanasia , the majority of theses people do argue for voluntary euthanasia. They believe that voluntary euthanaisa is not murder as killing a human that does not want to live is not wrong. It isnt wrong to help the dying to die , because they are actually dyingOther people completely disagree and say that all euthanasia is killing and that killing is forbidden not only in the law but in some religious s criptures. In the Hebrew scriptres (The old testement) the sixth commandment states Thou shall not kill and this is including euthanasia as the christians class it as killing. The prohibitation of killing is a moral absolute of christianity , judaism and islam..The churches view has always stated that it wrong to kill a human being as stated in these quotes: it is never licit to kill another: even if he should wish it, indeed if he request it, hanging between life and death nor is it licit even when a sick person is no longer able to live. St. AugustineAs well as moral and religious views there are many practical issues that are taken into account.If euthanasia were to be legalised many people would be outraged for a number of issus such as : Some are worried that the system will be abused and just as people will have control over their lives they will also have control over others lives and what they see to be qualitive or not. Would elderly relatives who think they are burdens to their families want to be euthanasised? J Glover (1977) notes that people in these situations sometimes commit suicide.On the other hand they could be presseured into asking to be euthinased by family or friends due to things such as money or housing. Lord McColl , the professor of surgery at Guys Hospital , london said there was evidence from the netherlands to show that the current practice of euthanasia is out of control .Advocates of the right to die often point to Holland as a model for how doctor -assisted voluntary euthanasia for terminally ill patients can work without abuse. Yet people still have doubts.Kuhse agrees that the the following concern could take place in our society if euthanasia were to be legalised.The wedge argument ( or slippery slope argument ) maintains that euthanasia is the thin end of the wedge that once one accepts this principle, the door is open for all sorts of other procedures and abuses including infanticide. The argument is that euthanasia invo lves crossing a line and once this line crossed the consequences are unforseeable.Oderberg states his view as It is a mistake to claim that we are at the edge of a slippery slope to mass murder . we are on that slope, one that has already traversed by other societies . This time however , we have technologhy and expertise far in advance of anything of the nazisThe euthanasia debate is strongly influenced on what is the quality of life.Another argument against euthanasia by the sanctity of life supporters have put up is that the nazi extermenation is a terrible example of what can happen once we give the state the power to kill innocent human beings.Singers argues against the use of the nazi analogy as he says it is misleading and the sanctity of human life argument collapses as soon as they are questioned , it is the refusal to accept euthanasia which , in some cases , is horrific.Another problem that may arise if euthanasia were to be legalised is mistakes. Can we be sure that mi stakes wil not occur ? Suppose someone chooses death because they have been diagnosed with a fatal incurable and painful illness. Then after the person has been euthanased , it becomes apparnt that the diagnosis was incorrect (hooker 1997) Even if we could ensure that mistakes would not take place the worry of how it will affect moral issues such as religion in the medical system. For example is a catholic doctor were to practise euthanasia they would be completley going against all there own beliefs this may lead to refusals from doctors to partake.Worries such as how would the doctors come to the conclusion that someone should be euthanased? How many doctors would it take to determine the QOL of the person.Singer beleieves there should be two independent witnesses at the even , but two people can still make mistakes.People have different views on what happens after life ends. Some like Dr Kervorkians Mercitron believe that merely just rot. Athesists will have very different attitu des towards euthanasia compared with a catholic. A Catholic believes that when they die its is their time to go and that God is calling them to be with him in heaven.And although euthanasia offers a way out that is your own descions and pain free others such as catholics and other faiths may find it dignified to have an undecided death and will take any pain that comes with it .The isssue of euthanasia will always cause moral and religious arguments both for and against it is a persons own desion to believe in what they feel is right and the best way to handle a situation. We must all respect the fact that people have difference of opinions and choices and we should do whatever we can to help situations and offer hope and reasurrance in are own way.

Marketing of Nokia Essays

Marketing of Nokia Essays Marketing of Nokia Essay Marketing of Nokia Essay Nokia Introduction Nokia Corporation (OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3) is an international communications company, focused on the key growth areas of wire line and wireless telecommunications. Nokia is currently the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile telephones, with a global device market share of approximately 38% in Q2 of 2007. Nokia produces mobile phones for every major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA, and W-CDMA (UMTS). The corporation also produces telecommunications network equipment for applications such as mobile and fixed-line voice telephony, ISDN, broadband access, voice over IP, and wireless LAN. Nokias headquarters are located in Espoo, a neighbouring city of Finlands capital Helsinki. It has R, manufacturing, and sales representation sites in many continents throughout the world. Nokia Research Center, the corporations industrial research laboratories, has sites in Helsinki; Tampere; Toijala; Tokyo; Beijing; Budapest; Bochum; Palo Alto, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Major production factories are located at Salo, Finland; Beijing, China; Dongguan, China; Chennai, India; Komarom, Hungary and the Ruhr region at Germany. In March 2007, Nokia signed a memorandum with Cluj-Napoca City Council, Romania to open a new plant near the city in Jucu commune. Nokias Design Departure has stayed at Salo. Nokia plays a very large role in the economy of Finland. Nokia is by far the largest Finnish company, accounting for about a third of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange (OMX Helsinki); a unique situation for an industrialized country. It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have grown into large ones as Nokias subcontractors. Nokia increased Finlands GDP by more than 1. 5 percent in 1999 alone. In 2004 Nokias share of the Finlands GDP was 3. 5 percent and accounted for almost a quarter of Finlands exports in 2003. In 2006, Nokia generated revenue that for the first time exceeded the state budget of Finland. This has led some to refer to Finland as Nokialand. Finns have ranked Nokia many times as the best Finnish brand and employer. Nokia is listed as the 5th most valuable global brand in Business Week’s Best Global Brands list of 2007 (1st non-US company), the 20th most admirable company worldwide in Fortunes Worlds Most Admired Companies list of 2007 (1st in network communications, 4th non-US company), and is the worlds 119th largest company in Fortune Global 500 list of 2007, up from 131 of the previous year. COMPANY PROFILE Nokias history started in year 1865, when engineer Fredrik Idestam established a wood-pulp mill in Southern Finland and started manufacturing paper. Due to the European industrialization and the growing consumption of paper and cardboard Nokia soon became successful. In 1895 Fredrik Idestam handed over the reins of the company to his son-in-law. Nokia was Actually founded in 1965 by Fredrik Idestam in Finland as a paper manufacturing company. In 1920, Finnish Rubber Works became a part of the company, and later on in 1922, Finnish Cable Works joined them. All the three companies were merged in 1967 to form the Nokia Group. Nokia created the NMT mobile phone standard in 1981 and launched the first NMT phone, Mobira Cityman, in 1987. The company delivered the first GSM network to Radkilinia, a Finnish company in 1991, and in 1992, Nokia 1011 a precursor for all Nokia’s current GSM phones was introduced. In the 1990s, Nokia provided GSM services to 90 operators across the world. Another significant move of the company during this period was the divestment of its non-core operations like IT. The company focused on two core businesses mobile phones and telecommunications networks. In the 1990s, Nokia provided GSM services to 90 operators across the world. Another significant move of the company during this period was the divestment of its non-core operations like IT. The company focused on two core businesses mobile phones and telecommunications networks. Nokias history contains many achievements that were the first of their kind in the world. Many milestones have been experienced in the mobile phone business since the 80’s. The success with the NMT and GSM technologies and the products they spawned secured Nokias position as the worlds leading telecommunications company. The list of Nokias milestones provided a good insight in the history of wireless communications. Nokia has been involved in making the worlds first NMT network and the worlds first pocket-sized mobile phone. The worlds first device to use the Symbian OS was also produced by Nokia. Nokia was able to offer advanced products from the beginning of the 90s. Early investments in R were thus handsomely rewarded. Nokia ensured its continued growth by reforming its production in the middle of the 90s. The new phone models and standardized technical solutions made it possible to produce an increasingly extensive product range more effectively. The extensive range of mobile phone models, covering all user groups, is one of the reasons why Nokia became the market leader. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The new definition of marketing, as released by the American Marketing Association is:- Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. (Kotler Armstrong 1987) The Mission of marketing is satisfying customer needs. That takes place in a social context. In developed societies marketing is needed in order to satisfy the needs of societys members. Industry is the tool of society to produce products for the satisfaction of needs. Marketing is one of the most important functions in business. It is the discipline required to understand customers needs and the benefits they seek. Academics does not have one commonly agreed upon definition. Even after a better part of a century the debate continues. In a nutshell it consists of the social and managerial processes by which products (goods or services) and value are exchanged in order to fulfill the needs and wants of individuals or groups. Although many people seem to think that Marketing and Advertising are synonymous, they are not. Advertising is simply one of the many processes that together constitute Marketing. Product Strategy Nokia provides its customers with a wide variety of products. As per the income band, a series of phones have been produced to meet the customer demand. Here are some examples of various products in different product levels offered by Nokia. Our Companies Basic Product: Nokia 1100- This is a simple phone having core benefits as well as certain added benefits such as a calculator, alarm, games, etc. Our Companies Expected Product: Nokia 6610- This product has certain features which the consumer expects to be present in the handset. It has a colour display, a radio, some value added games, and many more such features. Our Companies Augmented Product: N Seriess: Voice operated phones, Nokia Sirocco Gold phones, etc. Product Classification Based on functional life (Durable or Consumable): Phones are basically durables which last for a long period. Based on utility (Consumer goods or Industrial goods): Phones are consumer good. They can be put under Homogeneous Shopping goods. Based on tangibility (Tangible or Intangible): They can be touched and seen hence they are tangible. Based on price and quantity (Mass or Premium product): Premium products as they are Product Assortment Product Width for Umbrella branding for Company brand name – Nokia **** Brand Equity Nokia uses Line extension as well as Multi branding. It’s most common way of introducing phones is by line extension, though it may sometimes evolve a new brand which it has done in case of N-Series and lately in case of E-Series. In reality a multi brand turns into line extension over a period of time. Co-Brands- Nokia had incorporated with Renault and had made a joint advertisement. This advertisement promoted both. Lifecycle Globally Nokia’s market is at maturity, where as in India it is still in the Growth stage. Pricing Strategy Nokia uses a pricing strategy that best suits the product. Keeping the product in mind the company may go for mass distribution (Penetration) or else may just tap a selected group (Skimming). Market Skimming- N-95: As in case of this phone Nokia deliberately focuses on only a selected rich group of consumers. The price is kept high as their target is only to sell a limited number of phones at a higher margin. Market Penetration- Nokia 1100: The price of this phone is kept nominal. The objective that Nokia wants to achieve through this phone is high market penetration. The desired profits are attained by dealing in volumes. Price Determination Case of 6610 Objective- To enhance market share and market penetration Demand Estimation- Tremendous demand as it is a very basic phone Price Elasticity- High elasticity because it is a utility phone Estimating cost- Generally we can see that Nokia’s product pioneer from a high price and slowly as time passes, there is a fall in price. This can be related to the Experience curve theory where in we can see that as the company gets expertise or experience in producing a particular item then the cost of production gradually falls with a period of time. Though it should be noted that the only cause of fall in price Analysing competitors’ cost price and offers- When 6610 was introduced, other players namely Motorola and Sony Ericsson’s phones were not considered to be reliable and user friendly, even though they were marginally cheap. Further as Nokia was the market leader, the prices were regulated by Nokia and other companies followed Nokia pricing decision making i. e. if Nokia reduced its price than other companies also ought to reduce their prices. Methods- Initially it was VALUE PRICING and now it is GOING RATE PRICING Selecting final price- Using all the above, the final price is arrived at. Promotion Mix Use of AIDA model in Nokia – N Series: When Nokia launched its N Series of phones, it used the AIDA model to great perfection. Before N Series phones came in the market, cell phones were primarily used as a communication tool. Features like cameras, MP3 Players, Radio, and Bluetooth were the ones which used to catch attention of the users. N Series phones revolutionised the cell phone industry with features such as High Data Storage, High Quality camera, amazing sound quality, professional usage etc. Nokia first gained ATTENTION by highly publicising N Series phones as a lifestyle product. Then it began to hold INTEREST of the people by coming up with new models and variety of features in the N Series. This also helped in arousing DESIRE in the market, which helped the company to make N Series a great success despite the high prices of the phones. Promotion Mix Tools a)Advertising One of the strongest aspects of Nokia is its advertising strategy. Nokia’s ad campaigns are have a short shelf life as they are known to be coming up with one new model for each class(basic, mid, high end) in two months. So they have something or the other new for the consumers, thanks to their excellent innovation. Nokia also come up with customised ads during specific events and festivals. For example, they came up with an ad for Nokia 1110 during Holi last year, with the concept that it’s a colour phone for the festival of colours. b)Sales Promotion Nokia does not stress much on Sales Promotion. This is because today the cell phone market is moving really very fast with new models coming up every third month, and even the consumers are ready to change at such a short period. c)Public Relations (PR) Nokia has strong PR. They keep on doing some or the other new events, programmes and publicity, so as to keep up with the brilliant image of the company and also to enhance the brand equity. One of the instance is they sponsored the COUNTDOWN event for NEW YEAR 2007, wherein they used Nokia 5200 as their prime product. The event featured NELLY FURTADO performing live. The event also concentrated on GLOBAL WARMING. d)Direct Marketing Nokia does not perform Direct Sales activities on its official website www. nokia. com. However, they do have contractual tie ups with other e-commerce websites like www. bay. com, www. amazon. com etc. Nokia does use DEMO style of Direct Marketing. They set up kiosks extensively at various locations such as malls; business parks etc. and had its latest product N 95 for demo. Nokia does not use Direct Mail or Telemarketing styles of Direct Marketing. Consumer Behaviour 1. Social Factors Social factors like feedback on a specific product from family, frien ds and peers influence the decision of a person whether to buy a product or not. For example, Nokia 6800 is technically one of the best phones by Nokia. However, in terms of features it is similar to Nokia 6610. So, the review was not good and hence it affected the sales of Nokia 6800. 2. Personal Factors Personal Factors like age, occupation, lifestyle, income and personality affect the consumer behaviour. For example, a young college going person may consider music and gaming as the add on features. So, he or she may choose a Nokia N – Gage. On the other hand, a professional may consider utility and may buy an N Series phone. 3. Psychological Factors Psychological factors like perception make difference in consumer behaviour. For example, a consumer may not buy a flip or a slide phone if he or she thinks they are delicate handsets. 4. Cultural Factors Not Applicable with respect to Nokia. Place Mix Market Channels- Nokia uses both dealership as well as direct selling strategy. It has opened its retail outlet ‘Nokia Priority’ as well has many authorised dealers at various places. So Nokia uses 0 level, 1 level 2 level Market channel levels. Consumer Manufacturer Dealer Market Channel Levels- ?0 level (outlets and internet) Nokia has their retail outlets ‘Nokia Priority’ also although they directly don’t sell product on their website but they have contractual tie ups with other e-commerce websites like www. bay. com, www. amazon. com etc. ?1 level (Dept stores- Hypercity) Nokia has authorised dealers at various places it also provide their product at super malls like Hypercity. ?2 level (Wholesaler Retailer channel followed) – This is the traditional way of selling which Nokia does follow. Nokia’s products today are available at almost all retail outlets dealing in m obile phones. Vertical Marketing System Administered (Nokia Priority Dealer) and Contractual (Various Dealership) Steps involved in designing market channel E Series )Analysing customer needs and expectations- breakthrough technology and utility b)Objectives and constraints- high profit (market skimming) and (constraint) low volumes c)Identifying channel alternatives- 0, 1 and 2 level d)Evaluating major alternatives- high profits by catering to the needs of higher level income customers, which are increasing in towns and cities e)Selecting channel members f)Training channel members g)Motivating channel members h)Evaluating channel members i)Modify channel arrangements E-Series Market segmentation and targeting strategy Target marketing The market today has large number of customers and to satisfy each of them individually is impossible of any company. So what any company does is it comes out with a product which satisfies majority of its consumers. This is known as target marketing. The target marketing done by Nokia is also the same it targets major portion of the market whose preferences are similar. It does a market survey of understanding the consumers. It is not actually a survey but look at the type of cell phone which a consumer is looking for in the market through the consumers demand. Nokia targets the market by targeting groups holding major part of demand and accordingly manufacture the product. Example: Targeting the lower income group who are looking for a cheaper cell phone in the market like Nokia 1100. In market targeting strategy Nokia falls in â€Å"product specialization† pattern . As it specializes in the same product line. MARKET SEGMENTATION FOR NOKIA: The decibel levels in the cellular market are increasing with service providers stepping on the gas. Not to be left behind, handset manufacturers are using precise segmentation to carve up their share. Divide and rule seems to be working! According to a report published in May 2001, the all-India cellular subscriber figures stand at 38,71,514. With aggressive marketing by service providers, this figure is expected to increase at a very rapid rate. If current decibel levels in the market are anything to go by, these expectations are well on the way to being met. However, amidst this entire melee one cannot ignore the efforts of the handset manufacturers. Both service providers and handset manufacturers have been complementing each other well with each fuelling the demand for the other. Industry observers attribute the success of handset manufacturers to shrewd market segmentation. The big three of the mobile handset market Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola, have studied the market and segmented it precisely. SEGMENTATION OF NOKIA AND SEGMENTATION MODEL FOLLOWED BY COMPETITORS Connecting people! Nokia, arguably the biggest player in the world, has divided the market into four segments: * Hi-fliers: The biggest segment as far as Nokia is concerned consists of Hi-Fliers, corporate executives who use a mobile phone to increase productivity at work. Aged between 25-45, the segment looks for data transmission and other business-related features. In most cases, the company sponsors the handset, hence price is not a major consideration. * Trendsetters: In any technology adoption cycle, the first segment to adopt an emerging technology is dubbed as the early adopters. For Nokia, these early adopters are Trendsetters who are most receptive to advanced models. This was the segment at which WAP-enabled models were aimed. * Social contact: The third segment for Nokia is the upwardly mobile, socially-conscious segment that uses a mobile to stay in touch. Todays youth and affluent housewives constitute two major chunks of the segment. * Assured: The fourth and last segment as defined by Nokia comprises of CEOs, high-profile celebrities, industrialists and other high net worth individuals. The fact that the segment cannot do without a mobile phone makes it the assured segment. Market segmentation Dr Philip Kotler defines market segmentation as â€Å"a process of identifying groups of buyers with different desires or requirements†. Levels of market segmentation:- Mass marketing: Nokia uses mass marketing techniques by manufacturing cell phones which is suitable for major portion of market. Considering the fact that there are a large number of families falling in the middle income group in India, so their buying capacity is kept in mind and accordingly cell phones are introduced in the market. In this way large number of market is target and mass marketing is done by Nokia. Example: Nokia 3310, 1112, 1110. Segment marketing: In segment marketing Nokia identifies groups having similar wants, purchasing power, buying attitude etc and then comes out with phones catering to different major groups and thus satisfying every part of market with its product. Example: Cell phones 6610, 6610i, 2310 which have fm facilities and are less expensive for middle class service people who travel in trains or via any means of transport. This fm facility will attract such group of people and will indulge such people in buying fm cell rather than normal simple cell phones. Niche marketing: The latest E-series and N-series phones introduced by Nokia are a classic example of niche marketing. Nokia with these latest cell phones targeted the higher class businessmen in the society. These cell phones had features like internet access, a large screen and all the possible latest technology introduced till date. These cell phones are expensive and so it clearly shows that Nokia target a small fraction of higher income group in the urban society. Local marketing: When it comes to local marketing Nokia is not into local marketing. But country wise products are manufactured i. e. according to the demand of product in the market. Individual marketing: Nokia in not into manufacturing of product according to customer specifications. Therefore Nokia is still not into customized marketing. Basis of market segmentation:- a) Geographic segmentation 1) Urban 2) Semi urban 3) Rural b) Demographic segmentation 1) Age 2) Income ) Psychological segmentation 1) Personality On the basis of the above factors market segmentation in Nokia takes place. Positioning strategy Positioning strategy is an image which a marketer develops in the minds of the customer in other words perception about the product in the minds of consumer which is formed by the positioning strategy of the marketer. Any company prefers one consistent positioning message. In case of Nokia the positioning strategy used was â€Å"Nokia Connecting People†. But from the time Nokia has been introduced in the market one image which was created in the minds of consumers was it was a ruff and tuff piece i. . its body is hard. But as the time passed by today Nokia with its core positioning is also targeting its technological advancement as positioning strategy. The positioning strategy of any company plays a vital role in creating a psychological perception about the product. Differentiation strategy It is nothing but adding valued difference to the product which a competitor’s product will not be having in it. It is necessary as differentiation is necessary for a product to be recognized and sold in the market. Differentiation tools:- Product differentiation:-Nokia in terms of product differentiation has a better quality outer body. Nokia has its own software’s supporting the features in the cell phone. These make Nokia different from other cell phone companies. NOKIA STRATEGIC MARKETING IN INDIA Nokia redefines fashion phones in India with the latest LAmour collection Nokia has introduced a collection of three trend-inspired mobile phones, the Nokia 7360, Nokia 7370 and Nokia 7380. Each model in Nokias the LAmour Collection offers a beautiful mix of contrasts infusing cultural and ethnic influences with luxurious touches of the unexpected. Hints of vintage and craftsmanship, are fused with natural materials, colours and patterns, all carefully crafted and layered with a passion for detail. In the design and development of the LAmour Collection, Nokias Design team has looked to materials such as amber, ceramic, turquoise, silk and enamel for inspiration. Craft techniques such as enamelling and etching added a creative spark to the graphics, finishes and colours selected for each model in the collection. Nokia 7380: With etched mirrored surface and discreet keyless dial, the Nokia 7380 comes with a leather cover and a mirrored display. The technology includes a 2-megapixel camera and intuitive voice dialing. Key features: Keyless dial 2-megapixel camera, 4x zoom Enhanced Voice Commands MP3 player Nokia 7370: The Nokia 7370 swivels open to reveal its elegantly hidden keypad. Beautiful patterns into the elegant metal trims are contrasted by leather-inspired faceplates. The Nokia 7370 is available in two colour schemes, coffee brown and warm amber, with each model offering a distinct set of graphics, screensavers and even dedicated camera keys. Key features: 1. 3 megapixel camera, 8x zoom 2-inch QVGA colour screen (320 x 240 pixels) Stereo speakers with 3D sound effects Video ring tones FM Radio Nokia 7360: Trend-conscious men and women will appreciate the Nokia 7360s mixture of patterns and textures, which are perfectly complemented by elegant accessories, including straps and carrying pouches. The Nokia 7360 is also available in two signature LAmour Collection colour schemes, coffee brown and warm amber. Nokia has j umped into the growing market of online distribution of tones, graphics and games downloads in India and is offering a choice of 120 games which can be downloaded at Rs 50 per game. However, users will have to shell out an additional Rs 10-25 for the airtime depending on the size of the game. Nokia claims to be the first handset manufacturer to enter this business in India and the first company to launch games downloads in the Indian market. So far, only online content and utility services companies such as MSN and Yahoo have been offering ringtones and graphics downloads to mobile phone enthusiasts. The business of offering ringtones and graphics is growing almost by 100 per cent, according to industry experts. The download business for the calendar year 2003 was estimated to be around Rs 10 crore and is expected to touch Rs 20 crore this year. These estimates do not take airtime charges paid by the users for downloads. â€Å"Nokia is not entering this business to make money. In fact, a large part of the revenue will be shared by the service operators and content providers. Our interest is to help mobile service operators to increase their average revenue per user (ARPU) and to influence mobile phone users to upgrade to the latest models being launched by the company,† Nokia India marketing head Gautam Advani said. Mr Advani claimed that the company launched a game named ’Makhan Chor’ during ’Janmasthmi Utsav’ last month and the response was very encouraging. Nokia India has already tied up with with Bollywood production houses such as Harry Baweja, Rajshri Pictures and RS Entertainment for graphics and movies. It has also entered into an agreement with Indian Performing Rights Society for ringtones. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES: Push or Pull Marketing theory distinguishes between two main kinds of promotional strategy push and pull. Push A â€Å"push† promotional strategy makes use of a companys sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote it to retailers, and the retailers promote it to consumers. A good example of push selling is mobile phones, where the major handset manufacturers such as Nokia promote their products via retailers such as Carphone Warehouse. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most effective promotional tools for companies such as Nokia for example offering subsidies on the handsets to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes. A push strategy tries to sell directly to the consumer, bypassing other distribution channels (e. g. selling insurance or holidays directly). With this type of strategy, consumer promotions and advertising are the most likely promotional tools. Pull A â€Å"pull† selling strategy is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. A good example of a pull is the heavy advertising and promotion of childrens’ toys – mainly on television. Consider the recent BBC promotional campaign for its new pre-school programme – the Fimbles. Aimed at two to four-year-olds, 130 episodes of Fimbles have been made and are featured everyday on digital childrens channel CBeebies and BBC2. As part of the promotional campaign, the BBC has agreed a deal with toy maker Fisher-Price to market products based on the show, which it hopes will emulate the popularity of the Tweenies. Under the terms of the deal, Fisher-Price will develop, manufacture and distribute a range of Fimbles products including soft, plastic and electronic learning toys for the UK and Ireland. PRICING STRATEGIES Ultra low cost phonesless than Rs 2,000are fuelling demand in cost-sensitive India, where more than 4 million new users are entering the 85. 4 million strong wireless sector each month. The number of mobile services users surged 47 percent in 2005, and now exceeds the population of Germany. India is expected to be the worlds third largest mobile market by the end of this year, behind China and the United States. We anticipate that there will be a long-term sustainable demand for mobile telephony in the fast-growing Indian market, Chief Executive Jorma Ollila said at the launch of the plant in Sriperumbudur, on the outskirts of Chennai. Bundles: Another category where penetration is next to negligible is the fast-growing mobile telephony market - penetration stands at roughly 5%. Here, even as price continues to be a significant factor for determining the choice of handset or service provider, the value equation, according to Sanjay Behl, marketing head of Nokia India, is even more imperative. Nokia found success with its ‘Made in India’ Nokia 1100, which incorporated unique features such as a torchlight, a dust-resistant keypad and an anti-slip grip to appeal to the semi-urban markets. Importantly, Behl says that even applications and software - such as T9 or language interface and text input - have to be customised to meet consumer needs. The 1100, which currently retails at Rs 2,700, is the largest selling handset in India with a market share of about 25% in terms of volumes, and 16% in terms of value. On the other hand, another Nokia phone, the 2600, priced at Rs 4,200, is the highest selling colour model in India, with a 7% market share. In the colour segment alone, the 2600 has a 17% share. â€Å"Clear evidence of how features (colour screen) and price have been cleverly bundled to drive penetration,† says Behl. Four P’s In popular usage, Marketing is the promotion of products, especially Advertising and Branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer centered. Products are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four P’s, have passed into the language. The Four P’s are: Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual good or service, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or service, e. g. time, or attention. Promotion: This includes advertising, Sales promotion, Publicity, and personal selling, and refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. Placem ent: refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or Retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e. g. online vs. etail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. PRODUCTS OFFERED BY NOKIA There are Various Ranges of Products that Nokia Offers. Especially in Mobile phones Nokia is the Leading Manufacturer in it. Nokia Offers various Mobile Phones with varied Quality, Shape, Size, Colour, etc. Nokia Offers a Varied Range of Mobile Phones Other accessories with it. All Mobile phones are having Different Specifications in it. Nokia is Launching a New Products Every Year. It First Does Analysis of Market according to Taste of Consumers It Launches its Products in Market. Till now Nokia has Launched a No. of Products in Market It had been very Successful for Nokia after launching so many products. Nokia has Strengthened its Strategy of Working in Market. It has Revolutionised all sectors in Market. No one is So Powerful as Nokia in Field of Mobile Phones in India. There are so many Mobile Phones been in Market by Nokia. Several New Techniques Upgradation is being done to enhance launch a new product every time in Market. Nokia’s R D Department is very much in Progress for working over bringing a special change in every mobile phone its launching in market. After Launching Various Mobile phones in market till now, Nokia is now Launching various new Models of Mobile Phones i. e it is bringing new changes in the series of Mobile Phones. Firstly All Mobile Phones used to have only Black White/ Colour Display, Messaging. But now Nokia has launched Various New Models of Mobile Phones in Mobile Series that it Has Rocked the Market. The New Models are having various Greater, Advanced Facilities from that of other phones till now. These New Models Which Nokia is going to Launch in market is having all Types of Features/Facilities like:- 1)Instant Messaging )Brighter/Broader Enhanced Colour Display 3)Large Screen 4)Touch Screen System 5)Enhanced Radio Facility 6)Mp3 System 7)Internet/GPRS 2. 0 8)Support for Ms-Office 9)Cool Applications Games 10)Bluetooth Connectivity 11)Wireless Earphones 12) Slim Body 13) 2. 0 Mega pixel Camera etc Product Portfolio Nokia launches handsets to drive mobility NEW DELHI Nokia launched two new affordable handset s models, 1110 and 1600, which target first-time buyers and have talking alarm and clock in five regional languages along with innovative features for ‘ease of use’. With these new mobile phones, Nokia has expanded its entry-level portfolio in India. The Nokia 1110 (black and white display) and Nokia 1600 (coloured display) are ideal for first time users as they have an inbuilt graphical demo mode which allow users to access and familiarise themselves with the main functions of the handset, even without inserting a SIM card. Another stand out feature of these new handsets is the unique Talking Alarm and Clock in five regional languages including Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati. Nokia handsets are renowned for their ease of use and the Nokia 1110 and 1600 phones continue this tradition with a new intuitive user interface that makes full use of graphical icons and large font sizes and the built-in hands-free speaker. With the new menu structure accessing basic features, such as managing calls and contacts become easier. In addition to polyphonic and MP3-grade sound ringtones, the Nokia 1110 and Nokia 1600 also feature a unique cost-management feature, such as Nokia Prepaid Tracker support to help users monitor their phone usage. This will be an operator dependent service. Reiterating Nokia’s intent to drive affordable mobility in India and grow the base of mobile phone users. Sanjeev Sharma, Managing Director, Nokia Mobile Phones, said: â€Å"With the introduction of these new handsets we have further strengthened our entry level product portfolio by bringing in feature rich handsets with localised applications. Only 5 percent of the population understands the English language. Nokia has always tried to reach out to the masses, which has been demonstrated by our past endeavours in introducing Hindi SMS and even in our earlier campaigns. These handsets are yet another example of Nokia’s innovation and commitment to introduce products that are relevant for Indian consumers. The Nokia 1110 and 1600 announce the dawn of a new age. Its unique talking alarm will wake up millions of Indians, not only to their daily lives, but also to a new era of mobility which has been captured in our campaign called Jaago India Jaago,† Detailing the rationale behind the Jaago India Jaago advertising campaign, Sharma said: â€Å"Indians are extremely proud of how the country has been progressing. The growth of mobility is one of the key indicators of the economic progress in India. The advertising campaign therefore uses the ‘Talking Alarm’ functionality of the Nokia 1110 and 1600 as a metaphor to convey how more and more Indians were waking up to mobility through Nokia handsets and participating in the progress. † Both these handsets also offer much longer talk time than the current entry phones. Nokia 1110 and Nokia 1600 phones have excellent voice quality and coverage based on state-of-the-art radio software. The new technology enables operators to add voice capacity within their networks smoothly and cost-efficiently while improving network capacity and call quality. These were all above were Some of Features of New Upcoming Models of Nokia. Now let us Study Some of the Nokia New Models its Features in Detail. They are as Follows:- NEW UPCOMING MODELS OF NOKIA Nokia 2630 Key Features Ultra-slim design measuring at only 9. 9 mm Capture and share photos with a VGA camera with 4x digital zoom Share and transfer data via Bluetooth, GPRS, email and Internet Listen to FM Radio in an instant with a one-touch key Personalize your Ringtone with any MP3 Audio File 1)Nokia 2760 Key Features Refreshing, trendy design that’s progressively stylish Capture stills or videos with a VGA camera or tune in to FM Radio for music enjoyment Enjoy larger user memory for storing more photos, MP3 ringtones and entries into phonebook Connect to the world via Bluetooth, GPRS and email 2)Nokia 6110 Key Features One touch navigation button provides easy access to GPS function and maps With HSDPA for fast web browsing and downloading of maps 2 megapixel camera and QVGA TFT 2. 2 screen Keeping your images crystal clear with lens slide protection screen Listen to your messages read aloud with Message reader ) Nokia E90 Key Features Browse the Internet and transfer media-rich files via HSDPA (up to 3. 6 Mbit/s enabled) and 3G high-speed mobile broadband Increase mobile productivity with applications for viewing and editing documents Talk on every continent with quad-band GSM and automatic switching between bands Access voice and data functions quickly and easily with convenient shortcut keys Locate meeting venues, restaurants, and places of interest with the integrated GPS Send images captured with the integrated 3. 2 megapixel camera with flash and autofocus 3)Nokia 1650 Key Features Easy one-touch key to activate FM radio in an instant Enjoy easy viewing with the 65,536 colors, large screen display and large font type when dialing Personalize your phone ring with quality MP3-grade and 32 Polyphonic ringtones Extend your talk time with Power Saver mode Convenient one-touch key to switch on built-in flashlight 4)Nokia 2355 Key Features Vibrant 128 x 128 pixels display in 65,536 colors Sleek polished fold design Integrated FM radio Integrated flashlight Internet ready with WAP 2. 0 browser Multimedia messaging (MMS) functionality )Nokia 1325 Key Features Slim 15. 2mm design Brilliant 65,536 color display (96 x 65 pixels) Convenient Integrated Handsfree Speaker 32-chord/voice polyphonic MIDI ringing tones Large phonebook with 400 contacts and 5 entries per contact 6)Nokia 1208 Key Features Experience enhanced visual with the 65,536 color display Dust and splash proof with rubberized keypad and anti-slippery back cover Bright flashlight for convenience a nd emergency Timer tracker feature helps you controls the duration of each call Multiple phonebook makes sharing phone easier Easy–to-use menu in multi languages with calendars 7)Nokia 1200 Key Features Dust and splash proof with rubberized keypad and anti-slippery back cover Bright flashlight for convenience and emergency Timer tracker feature helps you controls the duration of each call Multiple phonebook makes sharing phone easier Easy–to-use menu in multi languages with calendars 9) Nokia 2505 Key Features Sleek and elegant at a slim 16. 65mm Quick-press flashlight 65,536 colors with 128 x 160 pixels display Two-way handsfree speakerphone 32-polyphonic MIDI speaker Popular Nokia user interface with 4-way scroll and center-select key Store up to 300 contacts in phonebook, with 5 entries per contact SWOT ANALYSIS Introduction In this part of my investigation I am constructing a SWOT analysis for Nokia. I will have to Analyse the external factors that may prevent Nokia from re-launching WAP enabled mobile phones onto the market. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis, is a Strategic planning tool used t o evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a Project or in a Business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective SWOT ANALYSIS OF COMPANY NOKIA I) MODERN SWOT ANALSYIS A SWOT analysis conducts an external and internal scan of Nokias business environment, it is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S), or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. . STRENGTHS -Is a dominant player in the smartphone market via its majority ownership of Symbian and its propritary Series 60 user interface which are projected to represent majority of the 100M smartphones sold in the next 4 years. 33% market share still the largest cell phone vendor by far, with double the market share of nearest competitr Size should enable Nokia to amortize R costs and to get cost advantages Brand position: probably one of the top 20 brands in the world WEAKNESSES -The N-Gage is considered a flop Being the market leader and its increase role in Symbian is giving Nokia a bad image, much like Microsoft in the PC industry. Slow to adopt new ways of thinking: a go od example are clamshell phones which are preferred by many customers. Nokia was reluctant to produce a clamshell until this year, when it launched its first model. OPPORTUNTIIES Increase their presence in the CDMA market, which they are just entering, as well as 3G and Edge New growth markets where cell phone adoption still has room to go, including India and other countries. Leverage its infrastructure business to get preference and a stronger position with carriers THREATS Late in the game in 3G creates a risk to be displaced by leaders like Motorola, LG, NEC and others. Asian OEMs who are entering the market very agressively (TCL, nGo Bird) ODMs (HTC and others) enabling carriers to leverage their customer power bypassing the handset vendor. Operators want to lessen their dependency on handset vendors and the dominance of Nokia. Orange, O2, and many other operators globally are selling their own brand of phones. CONCLUSION From the Above Project I Had Come to this Conclusion That Nokia has Implemented Various Strategies in Developing It Products on a Large Scale Becoming No. 1 Leader in The World of Mobile Phones. Nokia has used various Techniques to implement its products into the market. As per my Opinion Nokia had introduced various schemes to attract people gain more goodwill into market. I would like to conclude that Nokia had been launching various new products Strategies throughout the year but still it is the No. 1 brand leader in Mobile Phones. Many people around the globe are purchasing Nokia phones as they are very cheap, good efficient to operate. Nokia had used various marketing strategies to enhance its products into market also they have used better efficient market segmentation strategies to market its products according to various segments of customers in the market. Nokia as such has used all Modern Good techiques to tackle problems of customers in market. Customer Care Feedback is also given more importance to increase the sales of product. Better, Efficient Advanced Techniques are used to increase the sales of product. Also Nokia is largest manufacturer of mobile phones in India also the No. 1 Leader in it. Various Promotional Strategies are being enrolled into the market to promote the products. New Models their Strategies are being well utilized to enhance the product.